Pain causes altered arousal and specific behaviours that are rare at other times (pain indicators). We examined whether beef cows (mean age 6 years) are sensitive to pain indicators in addition to arousal following ear tagging and rubber ring castration (males only. n = 31) of their calf (n = 58). Behavioural pain indicators and activity were recorded continuously for 20 min before an... https://www.wholesfoodsboxs.shop/product-category/ready-meals/